Merriam Webster's Geographical Dictionary

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Also topographical relief or simply relief. The vertical and horizontal dimensions of a land surface, usually as expressed in terms of elevation, slope, and orientation of geographical features. terrestrial 1.Consisting of, living on, or relating to land, as opposed to water or air; e.g. a terrestrial animal lives primarily on land surfaces rather than in the sea. [3] 2.On, of, or relating to the Earth, as opposed to other planets or to celestial phenomena occurring outside the Earth's atmosphere. [3] territorial waters 1.A concept of the Law of the Sea defined as the belt of coastal waters extending no more than 12 nautical miles (22km) from a designated baseline (usually defined as the mean low-water line) for a coastal state and regarded as the sovereign territory of the state; or more generally any area of water over which a state has legal jurisdiction, including internal waters, the exclusive economic zone, and potentially others. territory A specific area or portion of the Earth's surface, especially one claimed or administered by a particular country; similar to though distinct from a region. [4] tertiary sector That portion of a region's economy devoted to service activities (e.g., retail and wholesale operations, transportation, insurance). [4] thalweg pl.) palsen An elliptical dome-like permafrost mound containing alternating layers of ice lenses and peat or mineral soil, commonly 3–10 metres (10–33ft) high and 2–25 metres (7–82ft) long, and occurring frequently in bogs in the Arctic and subarctic zones of discontinuous permafrost. [10] paludal Of or pertaining to a swamp or marsh, or to sediments that accumulate in a marshy environment. [8] pampa a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP) (2008-06-26). "Glossary: An Outline of American Geography". america.gov. Washington, DC: United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Also called the Geomagnetic North Pole. The point in the Northern Hemisphere where the axis of a theoretical simplified dipole passing through the center of the Earth would intersect the Earth's surface. It is antipodal to the South Geomagnetic Pole. Because of the fluid nature of the Earth's molten core, the true axis of the Earth's magnetic field is not a perfect dipole, and so the Geomagnetic Poles and the actual Magnetic Poles lie some distance apart. North Magnetic Pole All About Glaciers". National Snow & Ice Data Center. https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glaciers/gallery/ogives.html#:~:text=Ogives%20are%20bands%20that%20form,collects%20on%20the%20glacier%20surface.

Also integrative geography, environmental geography, or human–environment geography. The branch of geography that describes and explains the spatial aspects of interactions between human individuals or societies and their natural environment. intercardinal directions J [ edit ] jetty Any man-made structure that projects from land out into a body of water, serving as a breakwater, a walkway, or a landing stage for watercraft, or, in pairs, as a means of constricting a channel. jhum cultivationAlso oceanology. The scientific study of the Earth's oceans and all processes and phenomena relating to them, including their formation and evolution over time; their physical and chemical properties and how these vary within the ocean and across its boundaries; their interactions with landmasses along coasts; the bathymetry and geology of the sea floor; currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; marine life and ecosystems; and how humans affect and are affected by oceans. The interdisciplinary field draws from and involves a diverse range of other sciences, including physics, biology, geology, hydrology, meteorology, and climatology, among others. oeconym U [ edit ] umland An area which is culturally, economically, and politically related to a particular town or city. [3] underfit stream A misfit stream that is seemingly too small to have eroded the valley or passage through which it flows, often an indication that there was once a larger stream in its place. [8] Contrast overfit stream. underpopulation Economically, a situation in which an increase in the size of the labor force will result in an increase in per-worker productivity. [4] uniform region A territory with one or more features present throughout which are absent or unimportant elsewhere. [4] uninverted relief Topographic surface relief which closely reflects the shape and orientation of the underlying geological structure, i.e. where hills and ridges coincide with anticlines and valleys with synclines. [3] Contrast inverted relief. Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) upland Also jhoom cultivation or slash-and-burn agriculture. Clear-cutting and/or setting fire to an area of land so it can be used for farm cultivation. junction A meeting or intersection of two or more routes of travel, as of roads, rivers, or lines on a map, or a place at which a single route diverges into two or more different routes. jungle An area covered with dense vegetation dominated by large trees, often tropical. jurisdiction 1.The right and power to apply the law in a particular place or within a defined field of responsibility. 2.The geographical area to which such authority applies. juvenile water

Also tollway or turnpike. A public or private road or highway for which a fee or toll is charged to drivers for passage. tombolo A sandy or shingle-covered spit, bar, or isthmus connecting an island to the mainland or to another island (thereby forming a tied island). [13] topocide topographic isolation The minimum great-circle distance between the summit of a mountain or hill and a point of equal elevation, representing a radius of dominance in which the summit is the highest point. Summit B's topographic isolation is the horizontal distance between the summit and the nearest point of equal elevation (about halfway up Summit A). Summit B's topographic prominence is the vertical height between the summit and the lowest contour line that completely encircles it but no higher summit (at the col between Summit B and Summit C). topographic mapAlso corrie loch. A mountain lake or pool of water formed in a cirque excavated by a glacier. A moraine may form a natural dam below a tarn. temperate zone Traditionally, either of the two midlatitude regions of the Earth defined by their latitudinal position between the tropics and the polar zones, i.e. the region between latitudes 23°30' N and 66°30' N, or that between 23°30' S and 66°30' S. [3] In modern usage, the term may refer instead to regions of mild or temperate climate, regardless of latitude. temperature inversion An increase in temperature with height above the Earth's surface, a reversal of the normal pattern, often observed in deep valleys and basins that are mostly or entirely enclosed by high mountain ranges. [4] tephra Solid material of all sizes explosively ejected from a volcano into the atmosphere. [11] terminal moraine Also land-tied island. An island that is connected to a mainland only by a narrow spit or tombolo which may or may not be occasionally submerged. till See glacial till. timberline See tree line. time distance A measure of how far apart places are in terms of the amount of time it takes to travel between them (how long does it take to travel from place A to place B?). This may be contrasted with other distance metrics such as geographic distance (how far is it?) and cost-distance (how much will it cost to get there?). [4] time geography