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Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions. [123] There are also concerns about technology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots. [124] The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that, as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions. [125] [126] One researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane, as they could make decisions more effectively. However, other experts question this. [127] There are many jobs that humans would rather leave to robots. The job may be boring, such as domestic cleaning or sports field line marking, or dangerous, such as exploring inside a volcano. [150] Other jobs are physically inaccessible, such as exploring another planet, [151] cleaning the inside of a long pipe, or performing laparoscopic surgery. [152] Space probes
In 1984 Wabot-2 was revealed; capable of playing the organ, Wabot-2 had 10 fingers and two feet. Wabot-2 was able to read a score of music and accompany a person. [91] In 1928, one of the first humanoid robots, Eric, was exhibited at the annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society in London, where it delivered a speech. Invented by W. H. Richards, the robot's frame consisted of an aluminium body of armour with eleven electromagnets and one motor powered by a twelve-volt power source. The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled through remote control or voice control. [50] Both Eric and his "brother" George toured the world. [51] Devol sold the first Unimate to General Motors in 1960, and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in Ewing Township, New Jersey, to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and place them in cooling liquid. [71] [72] "Without any fanfare, the world's first working robot joined the assembly line at the General Motors plant in Ewing Township in the spring of 1961... It was an automated die-casting mold that dropped red-hot door handles and other such car parts into pools of cooling liquid on a line that moved them along to workers for trimming and buffing." Devol's patent for the first digitally operated programmable robotic arm represents the foundation of the modern robotics industry. [73] Victor Scheinman at the MIT Museum with a PUMA robot in 2014 Westworld review – HBO's seamless marriage of robot cowboys and corporate dystopia". the Guardian. 5 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2022.
Is a dishwasher a robot?
The term "robot" was first used in a play published by the Czech Karel Čapek in 1921. R.U.R. ( Rossum's Universal Robots) was a satire, robots were manufactured biological beings that performed all unpleasant manual labor. [50] According to Čapek, the word was created by his brother Josef from the Czech word robota ' corvée', or in Slovak 'work' or 'labor'. [51] (Karel Čapek was working on his play during his stay in Trenčianske Teplice in Slovakia where his father worked as a medical doctor.) The play R.U.R, replaced the popular use of the word "automaton". [52] Baxter is a new robot introduced in 2012 which learns by guidance. A worker could teach Baxter how to perform a task by moving its hands in the desired motion and having Baxter memorize them. Extra dials, buttons, and controls are available on Baxter's arm for more precision and features. Any regular worker could program Baxter and it only takes a matter of minutes, unlike usual industrial robots that take extensive programs and coding to be used. This means Baxter needs no programming to operate. No software engineers are needed. This also means Baxter can be taught to perform multiple, more complicated tasks. Sawyer was added in 2015 for smaller, more precise tasks. [78]
The first palletizing robot was introduced in 1963 by the Fuji Yusoki Kogyo Company. [59] In 1973, a robot with six electromechanically driven axes was patented [60] [61] [62] by KUKA robotics in Germany, and the programmable universal manipulation arm was invented by Victor Scheinman in 1976, and the design was sold to Unimation. The decade also saw a boom in the capabilities of artificial intelligence. Over the course of the 2010s, the capacity of onboard computers used within robots increased to the point that robots could perform increasingly complex actions without human guidance, as well as independently process data in more complex ways. The growth of mobile data networks and increasing power of graphics cards for artificial intelligence applications also allowed robots to communicate with distant clusters in real time, effectively boosting the capability of even very simple robots to include cutting-edge artificial intelligence techniques. a b c Ashok K. Hemal; Mani Menon (2018). Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery. Springer. p.6. ISBN 978-3-319-20645-5. The first modern digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and spawned his seminal robotics company, Unimation. The first Unimate was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it lifted pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township, New Jersey. [8]Robot Dreams: The Strange Tale of a Man's Quest To Rebuild His Mechanical Childhood Friend". The Cleveland Free Times. Archived from the original on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 25 September 2008.
The earliest designs of industrial robots were put into production in the United States. These manipulators had joints modelled on human shoulder-arm- wrist kinetics to replicate human motions like pulling, pushing, pressing and lifting. Motions could be controlled through cam and switch programming. In 1938 Willard V. Pollard filed the first patent application for such an arm, the "Position Controlling Apparatus" with electronic controllers, pneumatic cylinder and motors that powered six axes of motion. But the large drum memory made programming time-consuming and difficult. [56] Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in robotics made by Muslim engineers, especially al-Jazari, as follows:In 1974, Michael J. Freeman created Leachim, a robot teacher who was programmed with the class curricular, as well as certain biographical information on the 40 students whom Leachim was programmed to teach. [84] Leachim had the ability to synthesize human speech. [85] Leachim was tested in a fourth grade classroom in the Bronx borough of New York City. [86] Armin Krishnan (2016). Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons. Routledge. p.15. ISBN 978-1-317-10912-9. By the very end of the decade, robotics had started to make advancements on the nanotechnology scale. In 2019, engineers at the University of Pennsylvania created millions of nanobots in just a few weeks using technology borrowed from the mature semiconductor industry. These microscopic robots, small enough to be injected into the human body and controlled wirelessly, could one day deliver medications and perform surgeries, revolutionizing medicine and health. [130] See also [ edit ] Ashok K. Hemal; Mani Menon (2018). Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery. Springer. pp.8–9. ISBN 978-3-319-20645-5.
Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. Frankenstein (1818), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or android advancing beyond its creator. Ronnie Littlejohn; Jeffrey Dippmann (2011). Riding the Wind with Liezi: New Perspectives on the Daoist Classic. SUNY Press. p.197. ISBN 978-1-4384-3455-1. Deborah Levine Gera (2003). Ancient Greek Ideas on Speech, Language, and Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925616-7 . Retrieved 31 December 2007. A literate or 'reading robot' named Marge has intelligence that comes from software. She can read newspapers, find and correct misspelled words, learn about banks like Barclays, and understand that some restaurants are better places to eat than others. [77]
What about autonomy in robots?
The 2010s were defined by large-scale improvements in the availability, power and versatility of commonly available robotic components, as well as the mass proliferation of robots into everyday life, which caused both optimistic speculation and new societal concerns. Hill, Donald (May 1991). "Mechanical Engineering in the Medieval Near East". Scientific American. pp.64–69. ( cf. Hill, Donald. "History of Sciences in the Islamic World". IX. Mechanical Engineering. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. ) Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in Australasia and 1% in Africa. [108] 40% of all the robots in the world are in Japan, [109] making Japan the country with the highest number of robots. Remotely operated vehicles were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled torpedoes. The early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedoes by John Ericsson ( pneumatic), John Louis Lay (electric wire guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided). [39] Sullivan, P. "Medieval Automata: The 'Chambre de beautés' in Benoît's Roman de Troie." Romance Studies 6 (1985). pp.1–20.
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