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Imagine, if you will, a day in the life of a fish. Without eyelids, their eyes are open all the time. Daily cycles of light intensity are sensed by photoreceptors in the eye and pineal organ in the brain, which contains light-sensitive nerve endings. Vision is a dominant sense of fish that we humans can appreciate. Whether the fish finds a meal or becomes prey depends on many senses, such as the abilities to see, hear, smell, taste, and to detect water movement and electrical fields. Fish have a special sense that humans do not have: the ability to detect vibrations moving through water. Because sound vibrations move easily through water, fish do not need external ear openings, and yet they also have sensitive hearing. Montgomery JC, Coombs S, Baker CF (2001) The mechanosensory lateral line system of the hypogean form of Astyanax fasciatus. Env Biol Fish 62:87–96 Figure 3.10: Pores with ampullae of Lorenzini in snout of Tiger Shark. Albert kok. 2009. CC BY-SA 3.0. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lorenzini_pores_on_snout_of_tiger_shark.jpg.
Fish utilize the lateral line to detect movements of prey, predators, currents, and objects in the water. If there is any difference between the relative movements of the body of the fish and the movements of the surrounding water, it will be sensed by the lateral line (Mogdans 2019). In this way, the fish knows if it is swimming in highly turbulent or still waters. The lateral line is also very sensitive to water vibrations from great distances underwater, so this sixth sense is sometimes called the far-field hearing (Figure 3.5). Figure 3.5: Sound level in decibels plotted as a function of distance from the source. Long description. Sharks have keen olfactory senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one part per million of blood in seawater. [21] Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril. [22] This is similar to the method mammals use to determine the direction of sound. They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in sewage outfalls. Some species, such as nurse sharks, have external barbels that greatly increase their ability to sense prey. Kotrschal, K., and M. Palzenberger. 1992. Neuroecology of cyprinids: comparative, quantitative histology reveals diverse brain patterns. Environmental Biology of Fishes 33:135–152. Newton, K. C., A. B. Gill, and S. M. Kajiura. 2019. Electroreception in marine fishes: chondrichthyans. Journal of Fish Biology 95:135–154.The stimulus-response model for understanding sensory systems in fish is the same model used for all vertebrate organisms. Fish can sense sound through their lateral lines and their otoliths (ears). Some fishes, such as some species of carp and herring, hear through their swim bladders, which function rather like a hearing aid. [9] Andrij Z. Horodysky, previously Associate Professor at Hampton University, is Research Fish Biologist at NOAA’s Northeast Fisheries Science Center. He is a broadly trained organismal fisheries ecologist with research interests centered on the ecophysiology, behavior, and conservation biology of commercially and recreationally important estuarine, coastal, and pelagic marine fish. His research investigations use comparative interdisciplinary approaches that integrate field, laboratory, and specimen-based techniques with tools ranging in scale from microscopes to satellites. Choose from multiple effects that are created where ever the game screen is touched (bubbles, starfish, fireworks) Popper, A. N., A. D. Hawkins, and F. Thomsen. 2020. Taking the animal’s perspective regarding anthropogenic underwater sound. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 35(9):787–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2020.05.002.
Simpson, S. D., P. L. Munday, M. L. Wittenrich, R. Manassa, D. L. Dixson, M. Gagliano, and H. Y. Yan. 2011. Ocean acidification erodes a crucial auditory behavior in a marine fish. Global Change Biology 7:917–920. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0293. Mogdans, J. 2019. Sensory ecology of the fish lateral-line system: morphological and physiological adaptations for the perception of hydrodynamic stimuli. Journal of Fish Biology 95:53–72. a b c Grandin, Temple; Johnson, Catherine (2005). Animals in Translation. New York, New York: Scribner. pp. 183–184. ISBN 0-7432-4769-8. Figure 3.1: Locations of sensory structures on the body of a fish. (A) Nares, eye, pineal, and brain locations. (B) Inner ear, lateral line, adipose fin, and taste bud locations. Kindred Grey. 2022. Adapted under fair use from “Ocean Fish Are under Threat if We Don’t Curb Carbon Dioxide Emissions,” by Cosima Porteus, 2018 ( https://theconversation.com/ocean-fish-are-under-threat-if-we-dont-curb-carbon-dioxide-emissions-107312). Includes Blue Catfish by Louisiana Sea Grant College Program Louisiana State University, 2007 ( https://flic.kr/p/2A7sP1).
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Fisher, H. S., B. B. M. Wong, and G. G. Rosenthal. 2006. Alteration of the chemical environment disrupts communication in a freshwater fish. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273:1187–1193. Shupak A. Sharoni Z. Yanir Y. Keynan Y. Alfie Y. Halpern P. (January 2005). "Underwater Hearing and Sound Localization with and without an Air Interface". Otology & Neurotology. 26 (1): 127–130. doi: 10.1097/00129492-200501000-00023. PMID 15699733. S2CID 26944504. N. A. Campbell and J. B. Reece (2005). Biology, Seventh Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California. Hearing is an important sensory system for most species of fish. For example, in the family Batrachoididae, males use their swim bladders to make advertisement calls which females use to localize males. Hearing threshold and the ability to localize sound sources are reduced underwater, in which the speed of sound is faster than in air. Underwater hearing is by bone conduction, and localization of sound appears to depend on differences in amplitude detected by bone conduction. [7] As such, aquatic animals such as fish have a more specialized hearing apparatus that is effective underwater. [8]
Horodysky is one of very few experts on the visual world of game fish. In an innovative study of visual function in a variety of fish including sharks and drums, Horodysky’s lab used electroretinographic techniques to describe light sensitivities and the color wavelengths that these fish respond to. The five fish studied occupy turbid coastal and estuarine habitats throughout their range, and their visual systems are well adapted to prevailing light conditions. Environmental changes may alter the behavior of these fish. Not only will this sensory app delight your kids, it will also provide increased educational benefits. From the early stages of your babies development, they are constantly learning and absorbing information around them, they begin to see, touch, feel, hear and understand how their interactions are affecting the environment around them. Your baby will begin to learn that touching the screen will cause bubbles to be created. Your child can drag your finger across the screen to create a pattern of bubbles. Your newborn can place their hands on the screen to cause lots of bubbles to be created at all points on the screen that they are touching.
Figure 3.9: Diagram of the taste buds in fish. Herbert Vincent and Herbert Wilbur. 1939. Public domain. https://flic.kr/p/wsuopv. Entertain your baby or toddler in this fun, visually stimulating underwater sensory learning app. Also a great way to help develop your child’s hand to eye coordination skills, as well as for the development of children with learning disabilities such as autism.
Mirjany M., T. Preuss, and D. S. Faber. 2011. Role of the lateral line mechanosensory system in directionality of Goldfish auditory evoked escape response. Journal of Experimental Biology 214:3358–3367. Figure 3.2: Diagram of the connections in the stimulus-response model in fish, which displays a stimulus, odor receptor (nares), sensory neuron, relay neuron, motor neuron, brain, effector, and response. Kindred Grey. 2022. CC BY 4.0. Includes drinking glass by sumhi_icon, 2017 ( Noun Project license, https://thenounproject.com/icon/drinking-glass-1274096/), bicep muscle by Vectors Point, 2020 ( Noun Project license, https://thenounproject.com/icon/bicep-muscle-3149162/), eyeball by ME, 2017 ( Noun Project license, https://thenounproject.com/icon/eyeball-931632/), brain by Mahmure Alp, 2019 ( Noun Project license, https://thenounproject.com/icon/brain-2300842/). Salmon spend their early life in rivers, and then swim out to sea where they live their adult lives and gain most of their body mass. After several years wandering huge distances in the ocean where they mature, most surviving salmons return to the same natal rivers to spawn. Usually they return with uncanny precision to the river where they were born: most of them swim up the rivers until they reach the very spawning ground that was their original birthplace. [17] The fact that odors attract certain fish has been used by recreational and commercial fishers for a long time. Worms are often kept in damp coffee grounds because the coffee smell attracts fish. Many baits and smelly fish are used in hoop nets and traps to attract catfish, lobsters, and crabs. Trout anglers have used garlic-scented marshmallows and corn for years because they work. Numerous scents are infused in formulated baits, such as Powerbait® and Gulp®. Many oils, such as menhaden milk, herring oil, shrimp oil, and squid oil, are used as fish attractants.Tavolga, W. N., A. N. Popper, and R. R. Fay. 1981. Hearing and sound communication in fishes. Springer-Verlag, New York. You are assigned a task at work to create the perfect marketable fish bait. Draw (with color) and describe the most ideal bait for either a catfish or a tuna. Describe how this will move through the water when fished and other features that would make it more marketable to anglers. Modify your design and description after you complete your reading of this chapter. 3.3 How We Study Sensory Ecology Green, W. W. and Zielinski B. S. (2013) "Chemoreception" In: D H Evans, J B Claiborne and S Currie (Eds) The Physiology of Fishes, 4th edition, pp.345–373, CRC Press. ISBN 9781439880302. Why might it be a good thing that fish have a keen sense of taste and do not consume everything that enters their mouth? 3.7 Electrosensory and Magnetosensory Capabilities Figure 3.10: Pores with ampullae of Lorenzini in snout of Tiger Shark. Serious catfish anglers have their favorite, secret recipe for stink baits made from liver, shad guts, old cheese, peanut butter, garlic, and many other aromatic foods.
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