Medicine in a Minute

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IV morphine for pain: (e.g. 2.5mg boluses, 5 minutes apart), with up-titration if clinically indicated; may also be used for pulmonary oedema, shortness of breath or anxiety Medicine concentration — Amount of active substance per a given volume of your drug. It can be expressed in mg per ml. mnemonics, top tips and exam essentials boxes, and short guides to why you need to know key details; all designed to help you

Enables assessment of ventricular function, wall motion abnormalities and valvular or structural abnormalities Note that in clinical practice both types of heart failure often occur simultaneously, which is termed congestive cardiac failure. Investigations The heart consumes more oxygen per tissue mass than any other organ in the body: myocardial blood supply occurs via the right and left coronary arteries, which arise as the first branches of the aorta at the right and left sinuses of Valsalva, respectively The heart is a four-chambered, muscular structure comprising two atria and two ventricles, which serve to pump deoxygenated (largely venous) blood to the lungs and transport oxygenated (largely arterial) blood to organs and tissues (see Fig. 1.1) The dosage of these drugs is usually set by the doctor according to the patient's needs or age (e.g., hypotensive drugs). In this case, you also don't have to worry about medical dosage calculations!Multiply these two values to get the dose of medication in mg: 2 * 80 = 160 mg. You need to take 160 mg of active substance. Modifiable risk factors include diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, smoking and obesity

ACE inhibitors are used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure; the most notable side effects are a dry cough and angioedema, which may be avoided by switching or stopping the medication. ACE inhibitors should be prescribed with caution in patients with hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia or renal dysfunction, and are contraindicated in pregnancy. Myocardial wall motion is used as a surrogate marker for perfusion, because ultrasound cannot visualise blood flow in the arteries ACS usually results from atherosclerotic plaque rupture, promoting thrombus formation which imposes varying degrees of luminal impingement, precipitating an acute coronary event This in turn activates calcium-sensitive calcium release channels (also known as ryanodine receptors) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which causes sufficient flooding of calcium ions to initiate contractionAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) then converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II, which mediates its effects, primarily by vasoconstriction and increased water retention. The jugular venous pressure (JVP) There may be a pericardial rub and evidence of a pericardial effusion on chest X-ray or echocardiography

Coronary blood flow mainly occurs during diastole. When the heart is contracting, the intramuscular blood vessels are compressed and blood flow is at its lowest. During diastole, the myocardium relaxes, allowing blood flow to resume. Any increase in the heart rate reduces diastolic time more than systolic time, thus reducing coronary artery perfusion time. In patients with pre-existing disease (such as coronary artery disease or aortic stenosis), tachycardia may lead to reduced myocardial perfusion. I am using 4th month OCD medication but still fear and thoughts regarding death of parents is not going away from mind. The book is divided into body systems and then each section within the particular body system follows a consistent pattern: to learn and use as you head to the wards. This book contains a student-friendly, concise text that you will want close to hand from

Conduction is delayed at the AV node for 0.1 seconds before continuing on towards the bundle of His; this time delay allows for ventricular filling to take place

U say that u have white colored tongue so I suspect it be due to acidity or due to stress. Either way I feel u should consult ur family doThe heart derives its autonomic nervous supply mostly from the parasympathetic vagus nerve (cardio-inhibitor) and the C1–T5 sympathetic ganglia (cardio-accelerator) via superficial and deep cardiac nervous plexuses. The autonomic nervous system plays an important role in controlling the rate of SA node impulse formation and conduction and the strength of muscle contraction. For instance, in the denervated heart (e.g. in heart transplant patients), the resting heart rate is higher (90–110bpm) and the heart rate response is reduced during exercise (chronotropic incompetence). As with much of military medicine, significant advances in the movement of injured troops came in the First World War, with better infrastructure for medical transportation in a system called the ' chain of evacuation'. This network of medical transport took an injured soldier from the front line to the dressing station, then on to a field hospital and if necessary, to the base hospital. Recommended for patients whose symptoms are still not controlled, and this treatment is particularly recommended for Afro-Caribbean patients When treating a patient, or just taking a medication by yourself, we always need to wonder what is the exact dose of the drug we choose. And the truth is that we dose (or should dose) nearly everything in our life, from cooking dinner to taking medications! However, regarding drugs, there are certain different kinds of dosing that depend on the specific drug and/or the patient. Afterload represents the resistance to ventricular ejection because the afterload force opposes muscle contraction