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With regards to maps that are vital for navigation, in the second century, Ptolemy mapped the whole known world from the "Fortunatae Insulae", Cape Verde or Canary Islands, eastward to the Gulf of Thailand. This map was used in 1492 when Christopher Columbus set out on his voyages of discovery. [114] Subsequently, Gerardus Mercator made a practical map of the world in 1538, his map projection conveniently making rhumb lines straight. [3] :12–13 By the eighteenth century better maps had been made and part of the objective of James Cook on his voyages was to further map the ocean. Scientific study has continued with the depth recordings of the Tuscarora, the oceanic research of the Challenger voyages (1872–1876), the work of the Scandinavian seamen Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen, the Michael Sars expedition in 1910, the German Meteor expedition of 1925, the Antarctic survey work of Discovery II in 1932, and others since. [19] Furthermore, in 1921, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) was set up, and it constitutes the world authority on hydrographic surveying and nautical charting. [115] A fourth edition draft was published in 1986 but so far several naming disputes (such as the one over the Sea of Japan) have prevented its ratification. a b "Tides and Water Levels". NOAA Oceans and Coasts. NOAA Ocean Service Education. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 April 2013. The sea is the interconnected system of all the Earth's oceanic waters, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern and Arctic Oceans. [1] However, the word "sea" can also be used for many specific, much smaller bodies of seawater, such as the North Sea or the Red Sea. There is no sharp distinction between seas and oceans, though generally seas are smaller, and are often partly (as marginal seas or particularly as a mediterranean sea) or wholly (as inland seas) enclosed by land. [2] However, an exception to this is the Sargasso Sea which has no coastline and lies within a circular current, the North Atlantic Gyre. [3] :90 Seas are generally larger than lakes and contain salt water, but the Sea of Galilee is a freshwater lake. [4] [a] The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states that all of the ocean is "sea". [8] [9] [b] Legal definition [ edit ] b., R. N. R.; Russell, F. S.; Yonge, C. M. (1929). "The Seas: Our Knowledge of Life in the Sea and How It is Gained". The Geographical Journal. 73 (6): 571–572. doi: 10.2307/1785367. JSTOR 1785367. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 1 July 2021. The large and highly variable energy of waves gives them enormous destructive capability, making affordable and reliable wave machines problematic to develop. A small 2 MW commercial wave power plant, "Osprey", was built in Northern Scotland in 1995 about 300 metres (980 feet) offshore. It was soon damaged by waves, then destroyed by a storm. [3] :112
Phys.org What percent of Earth is water? - Phys.org
About shrimp farming". Shrimp News International. Archived from the original on 1 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 April 2013. Thorne-Miller, Boyce (1999). The Living Ocean: Understanding and Protecting Marine Biodiversity. Island Press. p.88. ISBN 978-1-59726-897-4. Archived from the original on 30 July 2022 . Retrieved 21 November 2020.The Ancient World – Egypt". Mariners' Museum. 2012. Archived from the original on 23 July 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2012. Roach, John (7 June 2004). "Source of Half Earth's Oxygen Gets Little Credit". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2016. Al-Weshah, Radwan A. (2000). "The water balance of the Dead Sea: an integrated approach". Hydrological Processes. 14 (1): 145–154. Bibcode: 2000HyPr...14..145A. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(200001)14:1<145::AID-HYP916>3.0.CO;2-N. Bruce C. Douglas (1997). "Global sea rise: a redetermination". Surveys in Geophysics. 18 (2/3): 279–292. Bibcode: 1997SGeo...18..279D. doi: 10.1023/A:1006544227856. S2CID 128387917. In simplest terms, water makes up about 71% of the Earth's surface, while the other 29% consists of continents and islands.
Sea - National Geographic Society
Research topics". Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 September 2013. Swenson, Herbert. "Why is the ocean salty?". US Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 18 April 2001 . Retrieved 17 April 2013. The law of the sea has at its center the definition of the boundaries of the ocean, clarifying its application in marginal seas. But what bodies of water other than the sea the law applies to is being crucially negotiated in the case of the Caspian Sea and its status as "sea", basically revolving around the issue of the Caspian Sea about either being factually an oceanic sea or only a saline body of water and therefore solely a sea in the sense of the common use of the word, like all other saltwater lakes called sea.A positive move in recent months was a ban on microbeads in rinse-off cosmetic and cleaning products introduced by the UK Government, so that these small plastic beads will no longer get washed down the sink and out into our oceans, but there are many more items that can also contribute to the problem. The bottom line Earth is the only known planet with seas of liquid water on its surface, [3] :22 although Mars possesses ice caps and similar planets in other solar systems may have oceans. [11] Earth's 1,335,000,000 cubic kilometers (320,000,000cumi) of sea contain about 97.2 percent of its known water [12] [c] and cover approximately 71 percent of its surface. [3] :7 [17] Another 2.15% of Earth's water is frozen, found in the sea ice covering the Arctic Ocean, the ice cap covering Antarctica and its adjacent seas, and various glaciers and surface deposits around the world. The remainder (about 0.65% of the whole) form underground reservoirs or various stages of the water cycle, containing the freshwater encountered and used by most terrestrial life: vapor in the air, the clouds it slowly forms, the rain falling from them, and the lakes and rivers spontaneously formed as its waters flow again and again to the sea. [12] Horton, Jennifer (2011). "Effects of offshore drilling: energy vs. environment". HowStuffWorks. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2013. When protecting European coastal landscapes and seascapes, also the international IUCN Protected Area Categories are important. They classify protected areas according to their management objectives and range from “Strict Nature Reserves” (Category Ia) to “Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources” (Category VI). Also a category V “Protected Landscape/Seascape” is foreseen where interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value. However, so far only a few examples outside the EU applied the category in coastal and marine settings. Instead, in Europe, protected areas range from national parks, nature parks to biosphere reserves. The latter provides the unique opportunity to preserve cultural landscapes and to allow sustainable use in parallel to strong protection according to the UNESCO programme “Man and biosphere” from 1970. An example for a biosphere, which protects on 22.000 ha all types of landscapes and coasts of the German Baltic Sea is the biosphere South-East Rügen. For example, in Finland, new approaches related to underwater landscapes are emerging. ELC can be seen as a key driver behind the Member States approach, with 39 countries having already signed the convention, to take all aspects of a landscape into account when protecting, managing and planning it.
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